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Biology
Parts of a Cell:
Cytoplasm: provides suport for other organelles.
-site of chemical reactions.
Cell membrane: provides structure to the cell.
-allows passage for materials in and out.
Nucleus: stores chromosomes containing DNA of cell.
Mtochondria: makes energy availbleto cell.
Endophasmic Reticulum: transport materials such as a proteins.
Golgi Bodies: process cellular wastes, secrete muscle.
Vacuales: maintain pressure.
-remove waste.
-containment of substances.
Cell Walls: suports and protects the cell.
Chloplasts: absorb light energy and turns it into glucose and oxygen.
Cell Theory:
- All living things are made up of one or more cells.
- The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living things.
- All cells come from pre- existing cells (through cell division), not non living matter.
Prokaryotic cells: do not contain in a nucleus or other membrane- bound organelles. (eg. bacteria)
Eukaryotic Cells: contain in a nucleus and membrane bound organelles. (eg. animals)
Mitosis:
Why do cells need to Divide?
- Reproduce, grow, repair.
Mitosis: division of the nucleus. ** each cell division produces two identical daughter cells.**
4 stages of mitosis:
1) Prophase
2) Metaphase
3) Anaphase
4) Telaphase
Cancer:
Cancer: a group of diseases caused when cells grow and divide out of controle.
Tumour: abnormal groth of tissue.
Benigh tumour: mass of cells; doesnt harm any other part of the body (tissues)
Radiation: radioactive waves of energy transmitted to the body.
Metastasis: spread of cancer.
Mutation: changee of structure/ DNA of a cell.
Chemotherapy: treatment with chemicals.
Carcinogen: causes cancer in tissue.
Digestion:
Digestion breaks down food, absorbs what you need and gets rid of the waste.
** Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum**
** accessory organs that aid in digestion, but where food doesnt pass: pancreas, gall bladder**
Esophagus:long tube which takes food to the stomach.
Pancreas: produces enzymes, insuline and digestive juice.
Stomach: contains gastic acid.
Small intestine:absorbs food into the blood stream.
Liver: produses bile, which breaks down fats.
Mitosis in the Digestive System:
- to Protect the epithelial tissues from harsh acids.
- to Lubricate food to pass through systems easily.
The Circulatory System:
- Moves oxygen from the lungs to all of the body cells.
- Moves carbon dioxide from the body cells to the lungs.
- Moves waste materials from the body cells to the kidneys and skin.
Blood: a type of connective tissue that consists of:
1) Red blood cells
-carries oxygen and nutrients, picks up waste
-has protein called Hemoglobin that can carry oxygen or carbon doxide.
2) White blood cells
- infection fighting cells in the blood.
3) Platelets
- important for blood clotting.
4) Plasma
- the fluid part of blood, it carries the body.
- contains protein which are needed for blood clotting.
Blood Vessels:
Arteries:carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the body.
Veins: carry deoxygenated blood to the heart.
Capillaries: the diameter is so small that only one red blood cell can pass at a time.
** Average heart Rate = 70 beats per min (resting) **
Vervous System:
Made up of: brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves.
*monetors and controls senses, muscles, organs, actions or the body*
4 Chambres of the Heart:
Questions:
How is oxygenated blood pumped through the body?
Oxygenated blood is pumped into the main artery of the body- the aorta.
What are the blood vessels between the heart and lungs and out of the heart?
The plumonary artery carries blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs to pick up fresh oxygen. The aorta is the main artery that carries oxygen- rich blood from the left side of the heart to the body.
What are the parts of the CNS and the PNS, and how are they different?
PNS (peripheral nervous system) which is sensory receptors and motor effectors.
CNS (central nervous system) which is brain and spinal cord.
How does the digestive system and the circulatory system depend on eachother?
The diestive system recieves nutrients from foods, and converts it into sugars and proteins that the ciculatory system can transport to the various organs and tissues in your body. Your entire body, depends directly on the ciculatory system for nutrients, the ciculatory system depends directly on the digestive system for the nutrient absorbtion.
What is the difference between?
The left and right side of the heart?
The right side pumps blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen. the left side recieves oxygen- rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body.
Mechanical and chemical digestive?
Mechanical digestion begins in the mouth as the food is chewed Chemical digestion involves breaking down the food into simpler nutrients that can be used by the cells. Chemical begins in the mouth when food mixes with saliva.
Voluntary and involuntary muscles?
involuntary muscles cannot be controled. a vountary muscle, is one that can be controlled through stimuli, such as movement.
Arteries and veins?
arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body, veins carry oxygen- poor blood back from the body to the heart.
Peripheral vs certral nervous system?
in the CNS, collections of neurons are called nuclei, in the PNS, collections of neurons are called ganglia, in the CNS, collections of axons are called tracts.
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